Table 8 Patient-level accuracy of the proposed method for major urinary particle types compared with laboratory technologist reports.

From: A multi-head YOLOv12 with self-supervised pretraining for urinary sediment particle detection

Urinary component

Clinical accuracy (%)

RBC

87.31

WBC

88.40

Epithelial cells

97.10

Calcium oxalate

93.79

Bacteria

59.36

Mucus

93.32

Mean accuracy

86.55