Fig. 6 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 6

From: Synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of hydroxychloroquine and its niosomal nanoformulation: anti-leishmanial, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory effects in photodynamic therapy

Fig. 6

Effects of HC, NHC, and MA with and without light exposure on intra-macrophage L. tropica amastigotes in comparison to the gene expression of M1 macrophage-related cytokines (iNOS, TNF-α, IL-4) and M2 macrophage-related cytokines (IL-12, IFN-γ, TGF-β) compared to the UC group. Statistical significance is indicated as follows: # (P < 0.001 vs. MA), @ (P < 0.001 between HC and NHC), & (P < 0.001 between HC or NHC with and without light exposure).

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