Table 4 Comparison of the effects of different concentrations of HC, NHC, and MA alone, with and without light (HC + L and NHC + L), and FN with light (FN + L), on the average number of intra-macrophage amastigotes compared to the UC group.

From: Synthesis, characterization, and comparative evaluation of hydroxychloroquine and its niosomal nanoformulation: anti-leishmanial, cytotoxicity, and immunomodulatory effects in photodynamic therapy

Concentration (µg/mL)

MA

HC

NHC

Mean ± SD

P value

Mean ± SD

P value

Mean ± SD

P value

0.0 (UC)a

73.8 ± 6.7

NR

73.8 ± 6.7

NR

73.8 ± 6.7

NR

12.5

65.3 ± 5.1

*

68.6 ± 4.6

*,#

65.1 ± 3.7

*,#,@

25

53.2 ± 73

*

60.3 ± 2.9

*,#

52.1 ± 4.5

*,#,@

50

48.9 ± 5.2

*

51.6 ± 4.4

*,#

45.6 ± 7.1

*,#,@

100

41.3 ± 4.2

*

44.8 ± 3.0

*,#

39.1 ± 2.6

*,#,@

200

18.1 ± 3.1

*

31.1 ± 2.1

*,#

15.4 ± 1.5

*,#,@

400

0.0 ± 0.0

*

8.1 ± 0.6

*,#

0.0 ± 0.0

*,@

Concentration (µg/mL)

FN + L

HC + L

NHC + L

Mean ± SD

P value

Mean ± SD

P value

Mean ± SD

P value

0.0 (UC)a

73.8 ± 6.7

NR

73.8 ± 6.7

NR

73.8 ± 6.7

NR

12.5

66.2 ± 6.6

*

60.3 ± 4.6

* ,#,&

55.6 ± 3.4

*,#,@,&

25

55.9 ± 5.0

*

53.5 ± 6.1

* ,#,&

45.6 ± 4.3

*,#,@,&

50

51.6 ± 4.3

*

48.6 ± 5.7

* ,#,&

40.1 ± 2.4

*,#,@,&

100

40.3 ± 3.7

*

30.2 ± 2.1

* ,#,&

26.8 ± 1.9

*,#,@,&

200

20.3 ± 1.1

*

18.6 ± 2.0

* ,#,&

8.7 ± 0.5

*,#,@,&

400

0.0 ± 0.0

*

0.0 ± 0.0

*

0.0 ± 0.0

#

  1. * (P < 0.001 vs. UC), # (P < 0.001 vs. MA),@ (P < 0.001 between HC vs. NHC),& (P < 0.001 between HC or NHC with and without Light).