Table 3 Comparison of the total scores of defense mechanisms and their subscales before and after the intervention in both the intervention and control groups.

From: Effect of an educational intervention using the extended parallel process model on preventive lifestyle for metabolic syndrome among Iranian employees

Variable and group

Pre

Post

Change

p-valueα (within each group)

Group difference (Intervention Vs Control)

Cohen’s d (effect size between groups)

p-value b(between groups)

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

Δ ± SD

Mean ± 95% CI

Total score of defense mechanisms

–

–

–

–

7.014 ± 1.455

0.307

 < 0.001*

Intervention group

18.676 ± 5.855

12.985 ± 4.286

5.691 ± 7.547

0.005*

Control group

19.215 ± 5.985

20.538 ± 6.912

 − 1.323 ± 9.122

0.247

Perceived manipulation

–

–

–

–

1.799 ± 0.439

0.334

 < 0.001*

Intervention group

9.573 ± 3.028

6.426 ± 2.111

1.352 ± 2.284

0.001*

Control group

10.015 ± 3.252

10.446 ± 3.495

 − 0.446 ± 2.750

0.477

Defensive avoidance

–

–

–

–

1.637 ± 0.387

0.238

 < 0.001*

Intervention group

4.411 ± 1.613

3.220 ± 1.048

1.191 ± 1.964

0.058

Control group

4.461 ± 1.611

4.907 ± 1.893

 − 0.446 ± 2.262

0.149

Message minimization

–

–

–

–

1.799 ± 0.439

0.213

 < 0.001*

Intervention group

4.691 ± 1.659

3.338 ± 1.531

1.352 ± 2.284

0.043*

Control group

4.738 ± 1.813

5.184 ± 2.022

 − 0.446 ± 2.750

0.196

  1. Values are Mean ± SD.
  2. bResult of the analysis of covariance (between-groups comparison).
  3. αResult of the student paired-samples t test (within-groups comparison)*p < 0.05 significant.
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