Fig. 1

Endo-TLIF: A 56-year-old male complains of chronic lower back pain for 3 years, with radiating pain and weakness in the right lower limb for 3 weeks. Preoperative magnetic resonance images showing severe L4/L5 disc herniation (A and B); Endoscopic view after the foraminoplasty showed decompressed L5 nerve and resected L4/5 disc (C and D); (E) Skin incisions. Postoperative day 2 lumbar spine AP and lateral view (F and G).