Table 13 Diagnostic accuracy under image quality degradation with statistical measures.

From: Novel metaheuristic optimized latent diffusion framework for automated oral disease detection in public health screening

Degradation type

DentoSMART-LDM (mean ± SD)

95% CI

Enhanced-PSO-LDM (mean ± SD)

95% CI

GA-Diffusion (mean ± SD)

95% CI

Traditional enhancement (mean ± SD)

95% CI

No enhancement (mean ± SD)

95% CI

t-test p-value

None (baseline)

97.3 ± 0.2%

[97.1, 97.5]

93.8 ± 0.3%

[93.4, 94.2]

91.4 ± 0.4%

[90.9, 91.9]

87.6 ± 0.4%

[87.1, 88.1]

81.4 ± 0.5%

[80.8, 82.0]

Reference

Motion blur

93.5 ± 0.4%

[93.0, 94.0]

88.7 ± 0.5%

[88.1, 89.3]

86.2 ± 0.6%

[85.5, 86.9]

79.3 ± 0.7%

[78.5, 80.1]

72.8 ± 0.8%

[71.9, 73.7]

p < 0.001

Over/under-exposure

94.1 ± 0.3%

[93.7, 94.5]

89.4 ± 0.4%

[88.9, 89.9]

87.1 ± 0.5%

[86.5, 87.7]

80.7 ± 0.6%

[80.0, 81.4]

74.2 ± 0.7%

[73.4, 75.0]

p < 0.001

Positioning errors

92.8 ± 0.5%

[92.2, 93.4]

87.9 ± 0.6%

[87.2, 88.6]

85.6 ± 0.7%

[84.8, 86.4]

78.1 ± 0.8%

[77.2, 79.0]

71.6 ± 0.9%

[70.6, 72.6]

p < 0.001

Metallic artifacts

91.7 ± 0.6%

[91.0, 92.4]

86.2 ± 0.7%

[85.4, 87.0]

83.8 ± 0.8%

[82.9, 84.7]

76.4 ± 0.9%

[75.4, 77.4]

69.3 ± 1.0%

[68.2, 70.4]

p < 0.001

Low resolution

90.4 ± 0.7%

[89.6, 91.2]

84.6 ± 0.8%

[83.7, 85.5]

82.1 ± 0.9%

[81.1, 83.1]

74.8 ± 1.0%

[73.7, 75.9]

67.9 ± 1.1%

[66.7, 69.1]

p < 0.001

Combined degradations

88.9 ± 0.6%

[88.2, 89.6]

82.3 ± 0.8%

[81.4, 83.2]

79.7 ± 0.9%

[78.7, 80.7]

71.2 ± 1.0%

[70.0, 72.4]

64.1 ± 1.2%

[62.8, 65.4]

p < 0.001

Average degraded

91.9 ± 0.5%

[91.3, 92.5]

86.5 ± 0.6%

[85.8, 87.2]

84.1 ± 0.7%

[83.3, 84.9]

76.8 ± 0.8%

[75.9, 77.7]

70.0 ± 0.9%

[69.0, 71.0]

p < 0.001

Robustness retention*

94.5 ± 0.4%

[94.0, 95.0]

92.2 ± 0.5%

[91.6, 92.8]

92.0 ± 0.6%

[91.3, 92.7]

87.7 ± 0.7%

[86.9, 88.5]

86.0 ± 0.8%

[85.3, 86.7]

p < 0.001