Table 13 Diagnostic accuracy under image quality degradation with statistical measures.
Degradation type | DentoSMART-LDM (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | Enhanced-PSO-LDM (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | GA-Diffusion (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | Traditional enhancement (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | No enhancement (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | t-test p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
None (baseline) | 97.3 ± 0.2% | [97.1, 97.5] | 93.8 ± 0.3% | [93.4, 94.2] | 91.4 ± 0.4% | [90.9, 91.9] | 87.6 ± 0.4% | [87.1, 88.1] | 81.4 ± 0.5% | [80.8, 82.0] | Reference |
Motion blur | 93.5 ± 0.4% | [93.0, 94.0] | 88.7 ± 0.5% | [88.1, 89.3] | 86.2 ± 0.6% | [85.5, 86.9] | 79.3 ± 0.7% | [78.5, 80.1] | 72.8 ± 0.8% | [71.9, 73.7] | p < 0.001 |
Over/under-exposure | 94.1 ± 0.3% | [93.7, 94.5] | 89.4 ± 0.4% | [88.9, 89.9] | 87.1 ± 0.5% | [86.5, 87.7] | 80.7 ± 0.6% | [80.0, 81.4] | 74.2 ± 0.7% | [73.4, 75.0] | p < 0.001 |
Positioning errors | 92.8 ± 0.5% | [92.2, 93.4] | 87.9 ± 0.6% | [87.2, 88.6] | 85.6 ± 0.7% | [84.8, 86.4] | 78.1 ± 0.8% | [77.2, 79.0] | 71.6 ± 0.9% | [70.6, 72.6] | p < 0.001 |
Metallic artifacts | 91.7 ± 0.6% | [91.0, 92.4] | 86.2 ± 0.7% | [85.4, 87.0] | 83.8 ± 0.8% | [82.9, 84.7] | 76.4 ± 0.9% | [75.4, 77.4] | 69.3 ± 1.0% | [68.2, 70.4] | p < 0.001 |
Low resolution | 90.4 ± 0.7% | [89.6, 91.2] | 84.6 ± 0.8% | [83.7, 85.5] | 82.1 ± 0.9% | [81.1, 83.1] | 74.8 ± 1.0% | [73.7, 75.9] | 67.9 ± 1.1% | [66.7, 69.1] | p < 0.001 |
Combined degradations | 88.9 ± 0.6% | [88.2, 89.6] | 82.3 ± 0.8% | [81.4, 83.2] | 79.7 ± 0.9% | [78.7, 80.7] | 71.2 ± 1.0% | [70.0, 72.4] | 64.1 ± 1.2% | [62.8, 65.4] | p < 0.001 |
Average degraded | 91.9 ± 0.5% | [91.3, 92.5] | 86.5 ± 0.6% | [85.8, 87.2] | 84.1 ± 0.7% | [83.3, 84.9] | 76.8 ± 0.8% | [75.9, 77.7] | 70.0 ± 0.9% | [69.0, 71.0] | p < 0.001 |
Robustness retention* | 94.5 ± 0.4% | [94.0, 95.0] | 92.2 ± 0.5% | [91.6, 92.8] | 92.0 ± 0.6% | [91.3, 92.7] | 87.7 ± 0.7% | [86.9, 88.5] | 86.0 ± 0.8% | [85.3, 86.7] | p < 0.001 |