Table 17 Pathology-specific detection performance in external validation.

From: Novel metaheuristic optimized latent diffusion framework for automated oral disease detection in public health screening

Pathology type

Natural prevalence (mean ± SD)

Detection accuracy (95% CI)

Sensitivity (95% CI)

False positive rate (95% CI)

Clinical impact score (mean ± SD)

t-statistic

p-value

Early dental caries

2.3 ± 1.2% (0.8–4.1%)

84.3% (82.1–86.5)

82.1% (79.6–84.6)

3.2% (2.4-4.0)

9.2 ± 0.4/10

14.32

< 0.001

Advanced dental caries

15.7 ± 5.4% (8.4–23.1%)

92.8% (91.4–94.2)

91.4% (89.8–93.0)

2.1% (1.5–2.7)

8.7 ± 0.3/10

18.76

< 0.001

Periodontal disease

23.4 ± 7.1% (12.8–31.7%)

90.6% (89.1–92.1)

89.2% (87.5–90.9)

4.3% (3.6-5.0)

8.9 ± 0.5/10

16.43

< 0.001

Apical periodontitis

8.9 ± 4.2% (3.2–14.6%)

87.4% (85.6–89.2)

85.8% (83.7–87.9)

3.8% (3.1–4.5)

9.1 ± 0.6/10

12.87

< 0.001

Root resorption

1.2 ± 0.9% (0.3–2.8%)

78.9% (75.8–82.0)

75.6% (72.1–79.1)

5.7% (4.8–6.6)

8.4 ± 0.7/10

9.24

< 0.001

Dental fractures

6.3 ± 3.4% (2.1–11.4%)

89.7% (87.9–91.5)

88.1% (86.1–90.1)

2.9% (2.3–3.5)

8.6 ± 0.4/10

13.95

< 0.001

Impacted teeth

11.2 ± 4.5% (6.8–18.9%)

91.3% (89.7–92.9)

90.1% (88.3–91.9)

3.1% (2.5–3.7)

7.8 ± 0.6/10

15.68

< 0.001

Bone pathology

3.7 ± 2.2% (1.2–7.3%)

81.2% (78.4–84.0)

78.4% (75.2–81.6)

6.2% (5.3–7.1)

9.3 ± 0.5/10

10.47

< 0.001

Cysts/tumors

0.8 ± 0.6% (0.1–1.9%)

76.8% (73.2–80.4)

73.2% (69.1–77.3)

4.1% (3.2-5.0)

9.8 ± 0.3/10

8.91

< 0.001

Orthodontic issues

18.4 ± 6.8% (9.7–28.3%)

88.5% (86.8–90.2)

86.9% (84.9–88.9)

4.7% (3.9–5.5)

6.2 ± 0.8/10

11.73

< 0.001

TMJ disorders

7.1 ± 3.6% (2.8–12.4%)

83.6% (81.2–86.0)

81.2% (78.4–84.0)

5.4% (4.6–6.2)

7.9 ± 0.7/10

9.86

< 0.001

Developmental anomalies

2.9 ± 1.8% (0.9–5.8%)

79.4% (76.5–82.3)

76.8% (73.4–80.2)

6.1% (5.2-7.0)

8.1 ± 0.6/10

8.52

< 0.001

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