Table 28 Blinded expert assessment results - diagnostic quality comparison.

From: Novel metaheuristic optimized latent diffusion framework for automated oral disease detection in public health screening

Assessment criterion

DentoSMART-LDM (mean ± SD)

Enhanced-PSO-LDM (mean ± SD)

Traditional enhancement (mean ± SD)

No enhancement (mean ± SD)

F-statistic

p-value

Effect size (η²)

Post-hoc comparisons

Overall image quality (1–5)

4.73 ± 0.28

4.21 ± 0.41

3.18 ± 0.52

2.47 ± 0.63

247.36

< 0.001

0.826

All pairwise p < 0.001

Diagnostic confidence (1–5)

4.68 ± 0.31

4.12 ± 0.38

3.09 ± 0.48

2.31 ± 0.57

234.12

< 0.001

0.813

All pairwise p < 0.001

Pathological feature clarity (1–5)

4.71 ± 0.29

4.18 ± 0.42

3.14 ± 0.51

2.43 ± 0.61

241.87

< 0.001

0.821

All pairwise p < 0.001

Anatomical preservation (1–5)

4.76 ± 0.26

4.23 ± 0.39

3.21 ± 0.49

2.52 ± 0.58

251.94

< 0.001

0.829

All pairwise p < 0.001

Clinical usefulness (1–5)

4.69 ± 0.32

4.15 ± 0.44

3.12 ± 0.53

2.38 ± 0.64

238.76

< 0.001

0.817

All pairwise p < 0.001

Artifact minimization (1–5)

4.74 ± 0.27

4.19 ± 0.37

3.16 ± 0.46

2.41 ± 0.59

245.83

< 0.001

0.824

All pairwise p < 0.001

Composite score (1–5)

4.72 ± 0.29

4.18 ± 0.40

3.15 ± 0.50

2.42 ± 0.60

243.45

< 0.001

0.822

All pairwise p < 0.001

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