Table 30 Inter-rater agreement analysis across enhancement methods.
Enhancement method | Fleiss’ Kappa (95% CI) | Agreement level | Standard ERROR | Z-statistic | p-value | Pairwise comparisons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DentoSMART-LDM | 0.847 (0.821–0.873) | Almost perfect | 0.013 | 65.15 | < 0.001 | – |
Enhanced-PSO-LDM | 0.763 (0.734–0.792) | Substantial | 0.015 | 50.87 | < 0.001 | vs. DentoSMART p < 0.001 |
Traditional enhancement | 0.723 (0.694–0.752) | Substantial | 0.015 | 48.20 | < 0.001 | vs. DentoSMART p < 0.001 |
No enhancement | 0.612 (0.581–0.643) | Substantial | 0.016 | 38.25 | < 0.001 | vs. DentoSMART p < 0.001 |
