Table 6 Five-fold cross-validation results with statistical stability analysis.

From: Novel metaheuristic optimized latent diffusion framework for automated oral disease detection in public health screening

Metric

Fold 1

Fold 2

Fold 3

Fold 4

Fold 5

Mean ± SD

95% CI

CV (%)

ICC

ANOVA p-value

Overall accuracy

97.1%

97.4%

97.2%

97.5%

97.0%

97.24 ± 0.19%

[97.01, 97.47]

0.20%

0.923

p = 0.842

SSIM enhancement

0.938

0.943

0.940

0.945

0.939

0.941 ± 0.003

[0.937, 0.945]

0.32%

0.891

p = 0.756

PSNR (dB)

34.6

35.1

34.7

35.0

34.8

34.84 ± 0.20

[34.58, 35.10]

0.57%

0.867

p = 0.683

F1-score

0.966

0.969

0.967

0.970

0.965

0.967 ± 0.002

[0.965, 0.970]

0.21%

0.934

p = 0.798

Sensitivity

96.5%

96.9%

96.7%

97.1%

96.4%

96.72 ± 0.28%

[96.37, 97.07]

0.29%

0.912

p = 0.734

Specificity

97.8%

98.1%

97.9%

98.2%

97.7%

97.94 ± 0.20%

[97.68, 98.20]

0.20%

0.895

p = 0.821

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