Table 9 Pathology-specific detection accuracy with statistical measures.
Pathology type | DentoSMART-LDM (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | Enhanced-PSO-LDM (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | GA-Diffusion (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | Traditional enhancement (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | No enhancement (mean ± SD) | 95% CI | t-test p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dental caries (early) | 96.8 ± 0.21% | [96.54, 97.06] | 91.3 ± 0.31% | [90.93, 91.67] | 88.7 ± 0.34% | [88.29, 89.11] | 79.4 ± 0.45% | [78.87, 79.93] | 73.2 ± 0.52% | [72.61, 73.79] | p < 0.001 |
Dental caries (advanced) | 98.4 ± 0.16% | [98.20, 98.60] | 95.1 ± 0.24% | [94.81, 95.39] | 93.6 ± 0.27% | [93.27, 93.93] | 87.8 ± 0.38% | [87.35, 88.25] | 82.5 ± 0.43% | [82.00, 83.00] | p < 0.001 |
Periodontal disease | 97.1 ± 0.19% | [96.87, 97.33] | 92.8 ± 0.28% | [92.46, 93.14] | 90.4 ± 0.31% | [90.03, 90.77] | 84.6 ± 0.41% | [84.11, 85.09] | 78.9 ± 0.47% | [78.36, 79.44] | p < 0.001 |
Apical periodontitis | 95.9 ± 0.23% | [95.62, 96.18] | 90.7 ± 0.33% | [90.31, 91.09] | 87.9 ± 0.36% | [87.47, 88.33] | 81.2 ± 0.47% | [80.65, 81.75] | 75.4 ± 0.51% | [74.81, 75.99] | p < 0.001 |
Root resorption | 94.3 ± 0.26% | [94.00, 94.60] | 88.4 ± 0.36% | [87.98, 88.82] | 85.6 ± 0.39% | [85.14, 86.06] | 76.8 ± 0.51% | [76.21, 77.39] | 69.7 ± 0.58% | [69.03, 70.37] | p < 0.001 |
Dental fractures | 98.7 ± 0.14% | [98.51, 98.89] | 96.2 ± 0.22% | [95.93, 96.47] | 94.8 ± 0.25% | [94.50, 95.10] | 89.1 ± 0.35% | [88.68, 89.52] | 84.3 ± 0.41% | [83.81, 84.79] | p < 0.001 |
Impacted teeth | 97.8 ± 0.17% | [97.59, 98.01] | 93.5 ± 0.26% | [93.19, 93.81] | 91.2 ± 0.29% | [90.85, 91.55] | 85.7 ± 0.39% | [85.24, 86.16] | 80.1 ± 0.44% | [79.58, 80.62] | p < 0.001 |
Bone pathology | 93.6 ± 0.28% | [93.27, 93.93] | 87.9 ± 0.37% | [87.47, 88.33] | 84.2 ± 0.41% | [83.71, 84.69] | 75.3 ± 0.53% | [74.68, 75.92] | 68.8 ± 0.59% | [68.12, 69.48] | p < 0.001 |
Cysts/tumors | 92.4 ± 0.29% | [92.07, 92.73] | 86.1 ± 0.39% | [85.65, 86.55] | 82.7 ± 0.43% | [82.19, 83.21] | 73.9 ± 0.53% | [73.29, 74.51] | 66.2 ± 0.61% | [65.48, 66.92] | p < 0.001 |
Orthodontic issues | 96.5 ± 0.20% | [96.25, 96.75] | 91.8 ± 0.29% | [91.46, 92.14] | 89.3 ± 0.32% | [88.92, 89.68] | 82.5 ± 0.42% | [82.01, 82.99] | 76.8 ± 0.48% | [76.25, 77.35] | p < 0.001 |
Temporomandibular disorders | 91.7 ± 0.31% | [91.33, 92.07] | 85.2 ± 0.41% | [84.71, 85.69] | 81.9 ± 0.45% | [81.37, 82.43] | 72.6 ± 0.57% | [71.94, 73.26] | 65.4 ± 0.63% | [64.66, 66.14] | p < 0.001 |
Developmental anomalies | 89.8 ± 0.33% | [89.41, 90.19] | 83.4 ± 0.43% | [82.89, 83.91] | 79.7 ± 0.47% | [79.15, 80.25] | 70.1 ± 0.59% | [69.42, 70.78] | 62.9 ± 0.65% | [62.13, 63.67] | p < 0.001 |
Overall average | 95.2 ± 0.18% | [94.98, 95.42] | 90.2 ± 0.25% | [89.90, 90.50] | 87.5 ± 0.28% | [87.16, 87.84] |