Table 9 Pathology-specific detection accuracy with statistical measures.

From: Novel metaheuristic optimized latent diffusion framework for automated oral disease detection in public health screening

Pathology type

DentoSMART-LDM (mean ± SD)

95% CI

Enhanced-PSO-LDM (mean ± SD)

95% CI

GA-Diffusion (mean ± SD)

95% CI

Traditional enhancement (mean ± SD)

95% CI

No enhancement (mean ± SD)

95% CI

t-test p-value

Dental caries (early)

96.8 ± 0.21%

[96.54, 97.06]

91.3 ± 0.31%

[90.93, 91.67]

88.7 ± 0.34%

[88.29, 89.11]

79.4 ± 0.45%

[78.87, 79.93]

73.2 ± 0.52%

[72.61, 73.79]

p < 0.001

Dental caries (advanced)

98.4 ± 0.16%

[98.20, 98.60]

95.1 ± 0.24%

[94.81, 95.39]

93.6 ± 0.27%

[93.27, 93.93]

87.8 ± 0.38%

[87.35, 88.25]

82.5 ± 0.43%

[82.00, 83.00]

p < 0.001

Periodontal disease

97.1 ± 0.19%

[96.87, 97.33]

92.8 ± 0.28%

[92.46, 93.14]

90.4 ± 0.31%

[90.03, 90.77]

84.6 ± 0.41%

[84.11, 85.09]

78.9 ± 0.47%

[78.36, 79.44]

p < 0.001

Apical periodontitis

95.9 ± 0.23%

[95.62, 96.18]

90.7 ± 0.33%

[90.31, 91.09]

87.9 ± 0.36%

[87.47, 88.33]

81.2 ± 0.47%

[80.65, 81.75]

75.4 ± 0.51%

[74.81, 75.99]

p < 0.001

Root resorption

94.3 ± 0.26%

[94.00, 94.60]

88.4 ± 0.36%

[87.98, 88.82]

85.6 ± 0.39%

[85.14, 86.06]

76.8 ± 0.51%

[76.21, 77.39]

69.7 ± 0.58%

[69.03, 70.37]

p < 0.001

Dental fractures

98.7 ± 0.14%

[98.51, 98.89]

96.2 ± 0.22%

[95.93, 96.47]

94.8 ± 0.25%

[94.50, 95.10]

89.1 ± 0.35%

[88.68, 89.52]

84.3 ± 0.41%

[83.81, 84.79]

p < 0.001

Impacted teeth

97.8 ± 0.17%

[97.59, 98.01]

93.5 ± 0.26%

[93.19, 93.81]

91.2 ± 0.29%

[90.85, 91.55]

85.7 ± 0.39%

[85.24, 86.16]

80.1 ± 0.44%

[79.58, 80.62]

p < 0.001

Bone pathology

93.6 ± 0.28%

[93.27, 93.93]

87.9 ± 0.37%

[87.47, 88.33]

84.2 ± 0.41%

[83.71, 84.69]

75.3 ± 0.53%

[74.68, 75.92]

68.8 ± 0.59%

[68.12, 69.48]

p < 0.001

Cysts/tumors

92.4 ± 0.29%

[92.07, 92.73]

86.1 ± 0.39%

[85.65, 86.55]

82.7 ± 0.43%

[82.19, 83.21]

73.9 ± 0.53%

[73.29, 74.51]

66.2 ± 0.61%

[65.48, 66.92]

p < 0.001

Orthodontic issues

96.5 ± 0.20%

[96.25, 96.75]

91.8 ± 0.29%

[91.46, 92.14]

89.3 ± 0.32%

[88.92, 89.68]

82.5 ± 0.42%

[82.01, 82.99]

76.8 ± 0.48%

[76.25, 77.35]

p < 0.001

Temporomandibular disorders

91.7 ± 0.31%

[91.33, 92.07]

85.2 ± 0.41%

[84.71, 85.69]

81.9 ± 0.45%

[81.37, 82.43]

72.6 ± 0.57%

[71.94, 73.26]

65.4 ± 0.63%

[64.66, 66.14]

p < 0.001

Developmental anomalies

89.8 ± 0.33%

[89.41, 90.19]

83.4 ± 0.43%

[82.89, 83.91]

79.7 ± 0.47%

[79.15, 80.25]

70.1 ± 0.59%

[69.42, 70.78]

62.9 ± 0.65%

[62.13, 63.67]

p < 0.001

Overall average

95.2 ± 0.18%

[94.98, 95.42]

90.2 ± 0.25%

[89.90, 90.50]

87.5 ± 0.28%

[87.16, 87.84]