Fig. 2

Heatmaps of the metabolites that increased (A) or decreased (B) during the intervention and their associations with clinical biomarkers. The Cohen’s d values are calculated for the difference between baseline and 1-year timepoint (all groups that underwent the intervention; a positive value indicates an increase during the intervention) and for the difference between the NGT and T2D groups at baseline, where a positive value indicates a higher metabolite level in the T2D group. The associations between the metabolites and the clinical biomarkers are represented as normalized standard scores of the covariates from the linear mixed model: a positive value indicates that the metabolite and the clinical biomarker changed in the same direction during the intervention. A cut-off value − 2…+2 was applied to all the values for the colour scale, and the metabolites were arranged based on their chemical class and hierarchical clustering.