Table 2 Metabolites impacted by the intervention based on the linear mixed model assessing the metabolite change over time (all groups merged; n = 55; q < 0.05).

From: Metabolites associated with abnormal glucose metabolism responding to primary care lifestyle intervention

Metabolite	Compound class	Cohen’s d	Linear mixed model; intervention effect
Metabolite	Compound class	Baseline vs. 1-year	Regression coefficient	q-value
Unknown C₈H₁₂N₂O₅*		1.207	1,020,502	5.25E−111
beta-Leucine	Amino acid	−0.952	−3,257,685	7.30E−57
Unknown C₇H₁₆N₂O		−0.739	−658,786	1.01E−33
Palmitamide	Fatty amide	0.465	18,189,250	1.02E−18
Oleamide	Fatty amide	0.488	47,466,726	2.59E−17
Myristamide	Fatty amide	0.410	393,114	9.08E−17
Arachidonamide	Fatty amide	0.404	29,133,680	4.35E−12
Oleoyl ethylamide	Fatty amide	0.417	16,543,994	5.99E−12
Stearamide	Fatty amide	0.376	9,402,731	2.23E−11
Palmitoleamide	Fatty amide	0.375	740,744	3.35E−11
Lauramide	Fatty amide	−0.319	−16,908	1.92E−09
Unknown C₉H₁₅NO₃		−0.175	−346,013	2.25E−09
Linoleamide	Fatty amide	0.296	8,036,828	8.83E−09
Unknown C₁₂H₂₁NO₂		−0.364	−240,132	1.43E−08
Arachidonoyl-N,N-dimethyl amide	Fatty amide	0.350	9,605,931	8.03E−08
FAL 12:0/FOH 12:1*	Fatty alcohol	−0.270	−102,189	3.13E−07
FA 18:1*	Fatty acid	−0.266	−564,006	2.52E−06
Testosterone sulfate	Steroid	−0.103	−5,354,664	3.59E−06
Steroid sulfate C₂₁H₃₄O₅S	Steroid	−0.106	−625,771	1.20E−05
FA 12:0;O*	Fatty acid	−0.233	−133,066	2.24E−05
Steroid C₁₉H₂₈O₂	Steroid	−0.102	−146,681	4.37E−05
Glycerophosphocholine*	Phosphocholine	0.227	290,604	4.39E−05
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (isomer 2)	Steroid	−0.101	−60,813	5.07E−05
CAR 16:1*	Acylcarnitine	−0.199	−563,227	1.07E−04
5-AVAB	Betaine	0.142	10,722,019	1.33E−04
Sulfate C₂₁H₃₄O₆S	Sulfate	−0.106	−347,109	1.45E−04
FA 20:4*	Fatty acid	−0.194	−948,185	1.47E−04
CAR 14:1*	Acylcarnitine	−0.202	−216,866	1.72E−04
Ornithine	Amino acid	0.172	63,345	2.14E−04
FA 10:0;O*	Fatty acid	−0.208	−99,095	2.20E−04
CAR 14:0*	Acylcarnitine	−0.193	−306,991	3.10E−04
Acetylcarnitine*	Acylcarnitine	−0.180	−51,331,026	4.02E−04
CAR 12:0;O*	Acylcarnitine	−0.191	−61,604	4.20E−04
FA 14:0*	Fatty acid	−0.179	−56,753	4.77E−04
FA 22:5*	Fatty acid	−0.168	−503,739	8.47E−04
CAR 12:0	Acylcarnitine	−0.195	−1,477,969	0.0020
FA 20:3*	Fatty acid	−0.170	−145,984	0.0034
CAR 16:0*	Acylcarnitine	−0.135	−543,029	0.0050
FA 18:2*	Fatty acid	−0.161	−1,212,779	0.0051
Dimethylguanidinovaleric acid (DMGV)*	Short-chain keto acid	0.127	188,625	0.0053
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (isomer 1)	Steroid	−0.113	−61,122	0.0061
Proline	Amino acid	0.137	8,859,074	0.0076
N6,N6,N6-Trimethyllysine	Betaine	0.135	426,997	0.0078
FA 22:6 (DHA)*	Fatty acid	−0.132	−2,478,497	0.0082
Pregnenolone sulfate	Steroid	−0.098	−128,320	0.0083
N6,N6-dimethyllysine	Amino acid derivative	0.078	36,616	0.0106
PC 19:0/0:0 (LPC 19:0)*	Lysophosphatidylcholine	0.126	77,771	0.0120
Steroid sulfate C₁₉H₃₀O₅S	Steroid	−0.089	−474,042	0.0137
FA 20:4;O (HETE)*	Oxylipin	−0.112	−346,223	0.0170
PC 20:1/0:0 (LPC 20:1)*	Lysophosphatidylcholine	0.127	279,954	0.0187
Indoxyl sulfate	Indole	0.125	1,034,015	0.0200
PC 0:0/14:0 (LPC 14:0)	Lysophosphatidylcholine	0.164	242,657	0.0211
Androsterone sulfate*	Steroid sulfate	−0.080	−264,051	0.0320
CAR 6:0*	Acylcarnitine	−0.120	−410,441	0.0409
FA 22:4*	Fatty acid	−0.126	−120,325	0.0450

The effect size is given as Cohen’s d value and regression coefficient of the linear mixed model, which corresponds with the absolute change in the signal abundance of the metabolite. Metabolites written in bold (n = 40) also had a difference (Kruskal–Wallis; q < 0.05) between the baseline groups at baseline. Metabolites marked with an asterisk (n = 25) were associated (linear mixed model; q < 0.05) with the change in 120-min glucose level.

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Table 2 Metabolites impacted by the intervention based on the linear mixed model assessing the metabolite change over time (all groups merged; n = 55; q < 0.05).

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