Table 10 Relationship between patients’ health and operation-related factors and pre-post differences in proms scores among spinal neurosurgery patients.

From: Changes in pain, quality of life, sleep, and mental health after uncomplicated spinal neurosurgery in palestine: a prospective study of patient-reported outcomes

Factors		PROMs^b differences (postoperative–preoperative scores)
		NDI^b		ODI^c		Utility score		EQ-VAS^d		PSQI^e		ESS^f		PHQ-9^g
		Mean	SD^j	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Site	Cervical	− 32.28	7.09	.	.	0.68	0.28	48.86	25.29	− 7.71	2.66	− 6.57	2.17	− 7.71	2.66
	Lumbar	.	.	− 34.24	7.18	0.62	0.25	46.16	26.52	− 7.68	2.26	− 6.82	2.06	− 7.68	2.26
	t^h/Cohen’s d	–		–		1.018/0.200		0.523/0.103		− 0.080/− 0.016		0.601/0.118		− 0.080/− 0.016
Type	Discectomy	− 33.04	7.04	− 33.05	6.54	0.65	0.26	46.37	27.11	− 7.58	2.14	− 6.79	2.01	− 7.58	2.14
	Tumor	− 29.64	6.94	− 36.67	7.32	0.61	0.27	44.25	24.80	− 7.83	2.33	− 6.67	2.15	− 7.83	2.33
	Congenital	− 36.67	7.86	− 33.83	8.80	0.65	0.19	57.14	23.35	− 7.93	3.58	− 6.79	2.42	− 7.93	3.58
	Fⁱ/η²	2.689*/0.071		2.951*/0.051		0.225/0.003		1.302/0.019		0.228/0.003		0.040/0.001		0.228/0.003
HTN^l	Yes	− 33.88	7.76	− 33.86	7.35	0.59	0.29	47.25	25.32	− 7.53	2.49	− 6.83	2.21	− 7.53	2.49
	No	− 31.55	6.80	− 34.40	7.16	0.66	0.24	46.70	26.62	− 7.76	2.32	− 6.72	2.04	− 7.76	2.32
	t^h/Cohen’s d	− 0.901/− 0.328		0.338/0.075		− 1.206/− 0.246		0.111/0.021		0.515/0.097		− 0.257 to 0.049		0.515/0.097
DM^m	Yes	− 29.64	6.33	− 35.28	7.87	0.66	0.23	50.91	27.99	− 7.48	2.22	− 7.12	2.45	− 7.48	2.22
	No	− 33.06	7.22	− 33.89	6.96	0.63	0.27	45.54	25.51	− 7.75	2.41	− 6.63	1.95	− 7.75	2.41
	t^h/Cohen’s d	1.208/0.486		− 0.834/− 0.193		0.577/0.116		1.024/0.205		0.563/0.113		− 1.042/− 0.234		0.563/0.113
Hormonal	Yes	− 29.44	8.78	− 30.38	8.07	0.60	0.26	40.50	23.28	− 8.10	2.36	− 6.30	1.89	− 8.10	2.36
	No	− 32.64	6.93	− 34.99	6.80	0.64	0.26	47.98	26.55	− 7.61	2.37	− 6.83	2.11	− 7.61	2.37
	t^h/Cohen’s d	0.847/0.450		2.409*/0.658		− 0.701/− 0.170		− 1.182/− 0.287		− 0.847/− 0.205		1.057/0.256		− 0.847/− 0.205
Other comorbidities	Yes	− 30.67	4.75	− 37.75	9.10	0.55	0.30	52.31	27.74	− 7.46	1.94	− 5.85	1.86	− 7.46	1.94
	No	− 32.55	7.43	− 33.93	6.97	0.65	0.25	46.28	26.02	− 7.71	2.41	− 6.85	2.09	− 7.71	2.41
	t^h/Cohen’s d	0.544/0.263		− 1.448/− 0.534		− 1.252/− 0.365		0.789/0.230		0.360/0.105		1.664/0.486		0.360/0.105
NSAIDsⁿ	Yes	− 30.69	6.66	− 33.86	6.55	0.65	0.23	47.25	26.86	− 7.70	2.39	− 6.91	2.23	− 7.70	2.39
	No	− 34.67	7.27	− 34.80	8.09	0.63	0.29	46.30	25.28	− 7.67	2.35	− 6.52	1.83	− 7.67	2.35
	t^h/Cohen’s d	1.669/0.576		0.634/0.130		0.441/0.078		0.206/0.036		− 0.080/− 0.014		− 1.075/− 0.189		− 0.080/− 0.014
Paracetamol	Yes	− 32.25	6.22	− 33.88	6.79	0.64	0.24	43.76	25.87	− 7.78	2.42	− 6.71	1.97	− 7.78	2.42
	No	− 32.38	10.52	− 34.94	7.94	0.64	0.30	53.90	25.68	− 7.46	2.25	− 6.85	2.34	− 7.46	2.25
	t^h/Cohen’s d	0.042/0.018		0.698/0.148		− 0.073/− 0.014		− 2.095*/− 0.393		− 0.724/− 0.136		0.368/0.069		− 0.724/− 0.136
Muscle relaxants	Yes	− 32.12	7.51	− 34.44	7.13	0.67	0.26	41.78	26.68	− 8.01	2.34	− 6.67	2.24	− 8.01	2.34
	No	− 32.44	6.83	− 34.00	7.33	0.60	0.25	52.95	24.31	− 7.30	2.35	− 6.85	1.90	− 7.30	2.35
	t^h/Cohen’s d	0.132/0.045		− 0.299/− 0.060		1.636/0.284		− 2.512*/− 0.436		− 1.767/− 0.306		0.500/0.087		− 1.767/− 0.306
Cortisones	Yes	− 32.71	7.48	− 33.09	6.74	0.66	0.25	47.38	26.90	− 7.60	2.37	− 6.80	2.10	− 7.60	2.37
	No	− 30.57	5.33	− 37.83	7.48	0.57	0.26	45.16	23.79	− 7.97	2.36	− 6.61	2.04	− 7.97	2.36
	t^h/Cohen’s d	− 0.708/− 0.299		2.919*/0.685		1.700/0.348		0.413/0.085		0.754/0.155		− 0.428/− 0.088		0.754/0.155
Other meds.	Yes	− 32.07	8.54	− 33.58	5.80	0.60	0.24	41.72	28.04	− 7.48	2.25	− 6.48	1.90	− 7.48	2.25
	No	− 32.36	6.62	− 34.40	7.50	0.65	0.26	48.29	25.55	− 7.74	2.40	− 6.83	2.13	− 7.74	2.40
	t^h/Cohen’s d	0.110/0.041		0.446/0.114		− 0.842/− 0.177		− 1.199/− 0.251		0.523/0.110		0.790/0.166		0.523/0.110
Period till op.	Correlation	r^k = 0.273		r = − 0.071		r = − 0.017		r = − 0.093		r = 0.021		r = 0.162		r = 0.021
Weight	Correlation	r = − 0.058		r = 0.038		r = − 0.097		r = 0.127		r = 0.094		r = − 0.003		r = 0.094
Height	Correlation	r = 0.023		r = − 0.077		r = 0.082		r = 0.119		r = 0.140		r = 0.031		r = 0.140
BMI^o	Correlation	r = − 0.058		r = 0.100		r = − 0.123		r = 0.008		r = − 0.041		r = − 0.031		r = − 0.041

^*Significant difference in improvement at p-value < 0.05. ^aPROMs = Patient-reported outcomes measures, ^bNDI = Neck Disability Index, ^cODI = Oswestry Disability Index, ^dEQ-VAS = EuroQoL Visual Analogue Scale, ^ePSQI = Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, ^fESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale, ^gPHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire, ^ht = independent samples t-test value, ⁱF = one-way ANOVA test value, ^jSD = standard deviation. ^kr = Pearson Correlation Coefficient, ^lHTN = Hypertension, ^mDM = Diabetes Mellitus, ⁿNSAIDs = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ^oBMI = Body Mass Index.

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Table 10 Relationship between patients’ health and operation-related factors and pre-post differences in proms scores among spinal neurosurgery patients.

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