Table 8 RMSE comparative analysis with other reported works.

From: Intelligent prediction of air quality index based on the transformer-BiLSTM model

Model (reported works)

RMSE

ARIMA–CNN–LSTM

5.496

CNN–LSTM

24.23

CBAM–CNN–BiLSTM

18.90

EMD-Transformer

3.789

Proposed transformer–BiLSTM

3.0012