Fig. 3

Restricted cubic spline (RCS) regression was used to analyze the relationship between uric acid (UA), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and the uric acid-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (UHR) with the risk of biological age acceleration. The RCS model was adjusted for age, sex, race, education level, alcohol consumption, smoking status, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and physical activity.