Table 2 Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic syndrome factors at baseline and after 12 weeks of BPT or DA in postmenopausal women (n = 51). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

From: Effect of a 12-week bungy pump training on cardiorespiratory fitness, metabolic syndrome factors and body composition in postmenopausal women

	BPT group (n = 27)			DA group (n = 24)			Within-group comparison		Two-way ANOVA
	baseline	12 weeks	Change	baseline	12 weeks	Change	BPT	DA	Time	Group	Interaction
	baseline	12 weeks	Change	baseline	12 weeks	Change	p		p (η²)	p (η²)	p (η²)
Body composition
BW (kg)	69.3 ± 10.0	67.8 ± 9.2*	−1.5 ± 2.0	71.8 ± 13.0	71.4 ± 13.0	−0.4 ± 2.3	0.001	0.446	0.004 (0.159)	0.337 (0.019)	0.076 (0.063)
BMI	27.6 ± 3.3	27.0 ± 3.0*	−0.6 ± 0.8	28.0 ± 4.9	27.8 ± 4.7	−0.2 ± 0.9	0.001	0.314	0.002 (0.184)	0.734 (0.005)	0.083 (0.060)
BMR (kcal)	1285.6 ± 99.0	1312.6 ± 103.0*	27.0 ± 47.1	1306.4 ± 97.4	1309.8 ± 101.4	3.5 ± 29.2	0.006	0.568	0.009 (0.132)	0.745 (0.002)	0.040 (0.084)
VFA (cm²)	106.5 ± 25.7	98.8 ± 23.3*	−7.7 ± 6.0	115.9 ± 38.3	111.9 ± 36.3*	−4.0 ± 6.5	0.001	0.007	0.001 (0.476)	0.183 (0.033)	0.037 (0.086)
PBF (%)	38 ± 6	36 ± 6*	−2 ± 2	39 ± 9	38 ± 9*	−1 ± 2	0.001	0.045	0.001 (0.405)	0.798 (0.003)	0.007 (0.138)
SMM (kg)	23.0 ± 2.8	23.4 ± 2.7*	0.4 ± 0.8	23.4 ± 2.7	23.6 ± 3.0	0.2 ± 1.1	0.010	0.514	0.037 (0.086)	0.657 (0.004)	0.314 (0.021)
BFM (kg)	26.9 ± 7.2	25.1 ± 6.6*	−1.9 ± 1.7	28.4 ± 10.9	27.8 ± 10.5*	−0.6 ± 1.5	0.000	0.046	0.001 (0.382)	0.463 (0.014)	0.009 (0.130)
FFM (kg)	42.4 ± 4.6	43.1 ± 4.6*	0.7 ± 1.4	43.3 ± 4.5	43.7 ± 4.7	0.4 ± 1.3	0.014	0.182	0.007 (0.140)	0.596 (0.006)	0.390 (0.015)
SLM (kg)	39.9 ± 4.4	40.6 ± 4.3*	0.6 ± 1.2	40.9 ± 4.3	41.0 ± 5.5	0.1 ± 1.2	0.010	0.675	0.034 (0.089)	0.562 (0.007)	0.128 (0.047)
RALM (kg)	2.2 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.4	−0.0 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.4	2.3 ± 0.4	−0.0 ± 0.1	0.579	0.114	0.103 (0.053)	0.256 (0.026)	0.340 (0.019)
LALM (kg)	2.2 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.4	−0.0 ± 0.1	2.3 ± 0.3	2.3 ± 0.4	−0.0 ± 0.1	0.647	0.149	0.154 (0.041)	0.345 (0.018)	0.403 (0.014)
TLM (kg)	19.3 ± 2.2	19.2 ± 2.2	−0.2 ± 0.6	20.0 ± 2.3	19.9 ± 2.4	−0.1 ± 0.7	0.190	0.325	0.106 (0.052)	0.296 (0.022)	0.931 (0.001)
RLLM (kg)	6.2 ± 0.9	6.4 ± 0.9*	0.2 ± 0.3	6.4 ± 0.9	6.5 ± 1.0	0.1 ± 0.3	0.002	0.057	0.001 (0.252)	0.732 (0.002)	0.162 (0.039)
LLLM (kg)	6.2 ± 0.9	6.5 ± 0.9*	0.2 ± 0.3	6.4 ± 1.0	6.5 ± 1.1	0.2 ± 0.3	0.001	0.057	0.001 (0.259)	0.719 (0.003)	0.421 (0.013)
Cardiorespiratory fitness
VO_2max (L/min)	2.24 ± 0.24	2.40 ± 0.24*	0.16 ± 0.14	2.32 ± 0.26	2.35 ± 0.24	0.03 ± 0.19	0.001	0.383	0.001 (0.253)	0.861 (0.001)	0.012 (0.121)
VO_2max (mL/kg/min)	32.68 ± 3.96	35.67 ± 4.11*	2.99 ± 2.14	32.65 ± 5.09	33.51 ± 5.65	0.86 ± 2.97	0.001	0.171	0.001 (0.369)	0.393 (0.015)	0.005 (0.152)
HR (bpm)	74 ± 9	72 ± 8	−2 ± 7	77 ± 11	73 ± 9	−4 ± 7*	0.201	0.008	0.004 (0.158)	0.362 (0.017)	0.222 (0.030)
Metabolic syndrome factors
SBP (mmHg)	129 ± 14	119 ± 14*	−9 ± 10	137 ± 19	131 ± 16^#	−6 ± 17	0.001	0.057	0.001 (0.260)	0.018 (0.110)	0.432 (0.013)
DBP (mmHg)	80 ± 8	74 ± 8*	−6 ± 6	81 ± 12	79 ± 11	−2 ± 11	0.001	0.323	0.002 (0.181)	0.353 (0.020)	0.164 (0.039)
Glucose (mg/dL)	97 ± 12	98 ± 10	1 ± 10	94 ± 11	98 ± 9	3 ± 9	0.665	0.114	0.153 (0.041)	0.553 (0.007)	0.413 (0.014)
TC (mg/dL)	232 ± 63	205 ± 41*	−27 ± 45	219 ± 41	211 ± 36	−8 ± 30	0.007	0.259	0.002 (0.174)	0.728 (0.002)	0.090 (0.058)
TG (mg/dL)	96 ± 27	89 ± 32	−8 ± 20	99 ± 39	103 ± 41	4 ± 30	0.056	0.501	0.631 (0.005)	0.429 (0.016)	0.101 (0.054)
HDL-C (mg/dL)	68 ± 12	72 ± 13*	5 ± 9	62 ± 12	64 ± 11^#	2 ± 6	0.009	0.114	0.003 (0.164)	0.032 (0.090)	0.169 (0.038)
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)	163 ± 56	144 ± 46*	−19 ± 33	156 ± 39	154 ± 35	−2 ± 30	0.006	0.723	0.021 (0.104)	0.896 (0.001)	0.065 (0.068)
LDL-C (mg/dL)	144 ± 53	126 ± 42*	−18 ± 35	134 ± 38	132 ± 33	−3 ± 29	0.014	0.652	0.028 (0.095)	0.867 (0.001)	0.101 (0.054)
ALT (U/L)	22 ± 6	22 ± 6	−1 ± 4	18 ± 5^#	18 ± 5^#	−0 ± 5	0.544	0.755	0.518 (0.009)	0.011 (0.124)	0.851 (0.001)
AST (U/L)	26 ± 4	26 ± 4	−0 ± 3	19 ± 3^#	19 ± 4^#	0 ± 3	0.485	0.991	0.667 (0.004)	0.001 (0.506)	0.655 (0.004)

BPT Bungy pump training, DA Daily activity, BW Body weight, BMI Body-mass index, BMR Basal metabolic rate, VFA Visceral fat area, PBF Percent body fat, SMM Skeletal muscle mass, BFM body fat mass, FFM fat free mass, SLM Skeletal lean mass, RALM Right arm lean mass, LALM Left arm lean mass, TLM Trunk lean mass, RLLM Right leg lean mass, LLLM Left leg lean mass, VO2max Maximal oxygen uptake, HR Heart rate, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, TC Total cholesterol, TG Triglyceride, HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Non-HDL-C Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALT Alanine Aminotransferas, AST Aspartate aminotransferase.*Significantly different from baseline (p ≤ 0.05).#Significantly different from the BPT group (p ≤ 0.05).

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Table 2 Body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and metabolic syndrome factors at baseline and after 12 weeks of BPT or DA in postmenopausal women (n = 51). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

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