Table 2 Time information for 3 m-height tsunami waves recorded by five tide gauges. The time difference was derived by subtracting 42 min, the earliest registered time of IGWstsu at 190 km altitude. A positive value indicates that tsunami waves arrived after the IGWstsu were detected.

From: A case study of the three-dimensional co-seismic ionospheric disturbance evolution

Tide gauges

Latitude (°)

Longitude (°)

Dtsu (km)

Time after the shock (min)

Time difference (min)

Ishinomaki

38.3

141.5

237

33

− 9

Miyako

39.6

141.9

289

35

− 7

Kuji

40.2

141.8

356

50

 + 8

Erimo

42.0

143.2

505

58

 + 16

Nemuro

43.3

145.6

662

71

 + 29