Table 3 Ablation studies on Objective Combination.

From: ThoR: A Motion-Dependent Physics-Informed Deep Learning Framework with Constraint-Centric Theory of Functional Connections for Rainfall Nowcasting

Case

\(\mathscr {L}_{NN}\)

\(\mathscr {L}_{\text {physics}}\)

\(\mathscr {L}_{\text {velocity}}\)

\(\mathscr {L}_{\text {adv}}\)

CSI(1)

CSI(8)

CSI(16)

1

\(\checkmark\)

   

0.614

0.503

0.271

2

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

  

0.655

0.512

0.295

3

\(\checkmark\)

 

\(\checkmark\)

 

0.621

0.504

0.258

4

\(\checkmark\)

  

\(\checkmark\)

0.639

0.541

0.301

5

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

 

0.713

0.572

0.322

6

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

\(\checkmark\)

0.796

0.630

0.351