Fig. 5

Spatial distribution of ESV in the middle reaches of the Yellow River from 2000 to 2023. The base map used in this study is the 2019 China map, which has been reviewed and approved with the map review number GS (2019)1822 by the standard map service system of the ministry of natural resources. The base map was unmodified and created using ArcGIS 10.8 software.