Table 3 Temporal changes in the ESV of individual ecosystem services in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

Provisioning services

Raw material production

251.406

251.231

249.345

248.669

247.476

247.188

Food production

296.156

292.692

285.957

285.094

282.762

281.856

Water supply

−1447.606

−1589.927

−2214.586

−2395.564

−2661.648

−2767.031

Total value of provisioning services

−900.044

−1046.004

−1679.284

−1861.801

−2131.410

−2237.987

Proportion of provisioning services (%)

−15.142

−17.741

−32.615

−37.523

−44.819

−48.241

Regulating services

Hydrological regulation

2085.720

2140.970

2045.156

2053.538

2116.654

2109.981

Climate regulation

1571.164

1588.726

1599.035

1595.615

1595.37

1596.277

Gas regulation

652.714

652.196

635.684

629.504

621.176

618.214

Environmental purification

564.029

572.593

567.125

566.440

570.820

570.561

Total value of regulating services

4873.627

4954.485

4847

4845.097

4904.020

4895.033

Proportion of regulating services (%)

81.992

84.030

94.137

97.648

103.122

105.514

Supporting services

Nutrient maintenance cycling

78.344

78.314

77.760

77.552

77.206

77.114

Biodiversity

680.114

689.636

688.222

687.776

692.014

691.976

Soil conservation

895.843

898.625

896.503

894.529

892.183

891.69

Total value of supporting services

1654.301

1666.575

1662.485

1659.857

1661.403

1660.780

Proportion of supporting services (%)

27.831

28.266

32.288

33.453

34.936

35.799

Cultural services

Aesthetic landscape

316.130

321.010

318.675

316.130

321.010

318.675

Proportion of cultural services (%)

5.318

5.444

6.189

6.371

6.75

6.869

Total value of ES

5944.013

5896.066

5148.876

4961.805

4755.551

4639.225