Table 1 Material properties used in the FE model.

From: Heat reduction during bone drilling using a two-stage drilling strategy

Material Property

Cortical Bone

Cancellous Bone

Drill Bit

Density (kg/m3)

1,640

640

7,990

Elastic Modulus (MPa)

16,700

759

193,000

Poisson’s Ratio

0.3

0.3

0.25

Yield Stress (MPa)

157

31.0

290

Ultimate Stress (MPa)

157.1

31.1

579

Specific Heat (J/kg-℃)

1,640

1,477

500

Thermal Conductivity (W/m-°k)

0.452

0.087

16.2