Table 4 Comparison of mechanical and microstructural properties of tungstenــsteel bilayer materials reported in previous studies.

From: Impact of processing parameters on the interfacial bonding and properties of recycled LCS/WC–Co bilayers developed through powder metallurgy

Materials & Method

Processing conditions

Mechanical property

Microstructural Property

Refs.

W/Fe (FGM);

By Resistance sintering under ultra-high.

pressure 9 GPa, 11 KW for 60 s.

Max hardness is ~ 725 HV and 500 HV for as-built and heat-treated, respectively.

Brittle Fe7W6 formed

1

WC/Fe bilayer with different Cgr addition to Fe part composition; By powder metallurgy.

sintering at 1280 °C for 1 h.

HV1 values of 735.7 & 151 kgf mm−2 for WC & Fe layers; bonding tensile strength 55.75 MPa (0.8wt.% Cgr).

Fe3W3C (M6C) __

η phase

2

WC–Co/Ni composite (FGWC) and 410 stainless steel (410ss); By diffusion bonding in a vacuum furnace.

2 MPa from 850 to 1100 °C for a holding time of 20–120 min.

Max. tensile strength:

WC–Co/410ss (58 MPa); FGWC/410ss (195 MPa) at 950 C for 80 min.

ـــــ

3

W/steel (EUROFER97)

Cu foils interlayer;

By FAST (electric field-assisted sintering) joining.

Sintered 980 °C; 2/5/9 min; pressure 42 MPa.

Shear strength = 48 ± 9 MPa (2 min), 120 ± 31 MPa (5 min), 81 ± 14 MPa (9 min). HV0.1 values 450; 100 and 390 for W; Cu and EUROFER97.

ـــــ

4

Recycled LCS/WC-Co bilayer composite via conventional powder metallurgy (PM).

Mesh size 125,63 and 25 μm under 208, 260, and 313 MPa sintering between 1260–1340 °C

Compressive and tensile interfacial bonding strength of 209 MPa and 44 MPa, with hardness of 150 ± 6 & 660 ± 70 HV for LCS & WC–Co bilayers.

Fe(W); CoFe, with Co₃W₃C; Fe₃W₃C intermetallic phases

Present study

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