Fig. 3

Differential gene expression analysis. (A) Volcano plot of DEGs analysis between IDD and Control in the integrated GEO dataset, with GRDEGs marked. (B) Venn diagram of DEGs and GRGs in the integrated GEO dataset. (C) Chromosomal location map of GRDEGs. (D, E) Simple value heatmap (D) and group comparison plot (E) of GRDEGs expression levels between IDD and Control groups in the integrated GEO dataset. IDD, Intervertebral Disc Degeneration; DEGs, Differentially Expressed Genes; GRGs, Glycosylation-Related Genes; GRDEGs, Glycosylation-Related Differentially Expressed Genes. *Represents p-value < 0.05, indicating statistical significance; ** represents p-value < 0.01, indicating high statistical significance; *** represents p-value < 0.01, indicating extreme statistical significance. In the grouping, red represents IDD and blue represents Control; in the simple value heatmap, red represents high expression and blue represents low expression.