Table 1 Patient characteristics.

From: Remnant cholesterol associated with contrast-induced acute kidney injury in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction following percutaneous coronary intervention

Variable

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury

Overall (N = 1288)

No (N = 1093)

Yes (N = 195)

P-value

Basic information

 Age (years)

63.13 ± 12.94

62.84 ± 12.90

64.77 ± 12.90

0.055

 Female, n (%)

308 (24)

247 (23)

61 (31)

0.009

 Heart rate (bpm)

81.20 ± 14.69

80.76 ± 14.45

83.67 ± 15.94

0.011

 Systolic pressure (mmHg)

127.03 ± 20.42

127.40 ± 20.10

124.99 ± 22.02

0.156

 Diastolic pressure (mmHg)

78.68 ± 13.55

78.91 ± 13.33

77.40 ± 14.68

0.151

 Height (cm)

168.00 (160.00–172.00)

168.00 (160.00–172.00)

168.00 (160.00–170.00)

0.078

 Weight (kg)

70.06 ± 12.99

70.26 ± 13.07

68.96 ± 12.58

0.199

 Body mass index

24.84 (22.75–27.29)

24.82 (22.74–27.31)

24.97 (22.86–27.00)

0.938

 Hypertension, n (%)

578 (45)

487 (45)

91 (47)

0.585

 T2DM, n (%)

529 (41)

434 (40)

95 (49)

0.018

 CKD, n (%)

34 (2.6)

22 (2.0)

12 (6.2)

 < 0.001

 History of CABG, n (%)

7 (0.5)

4 (0.4)

3 (1.5)

0.048

 History of AMI, n (%)

90 (7.0)

72 (6.6)

18 (9.2)

0.182

 History of COPD, n (%)

4 (0.3)

3 (0.3)

1 (0.5)

0.550

 History of AF, n (%)

7 (0.5)

3 (0.3)

4 (2.1)

0.340

 History of PCI, n (%)

49 (3.8)

41 (4.0)

8 (4.1)

0.912

 History of peripheral artery diseases, n (%)

16 (1.2)

13 (1.2)

3 (1.5)

0.993

 Smoking, n (%)

588 (46)

512 (47)

76 (39)

0.042

 IABP, n (%)

124 (9.6)

98 (9.0)

26 (13)

0.057

 LVEF (%)

52.00 (49.00–56.00)

52.00 (49.00–56.00)

50.00 (47.00–53.00)

 < 0.001

 Killip class, n (%)

0.823

  1

1116 (87)

960 (88)

156 (80)

 

  2

65 (5.0)

55 (5.0)

10 (5.1)

 

  3

16 (1.2)

14 (1.3)

2 (1.0)

 

  4

91 (7.1)

81 (7.4)

10 (5.1)

 

 Medication, n (%)

  P2Y12 inhibitors

1277 (99)

1084 (99)

193 (99)

0.677

  Statins

1273 (99)

1078 (99)

195 (100)

0.147

  ACEI/ARB

669 (52)

573 (52)

96 (49)

0.998

  β-blockers

1 081 (84)

919 (84)

162 (83)

0.725

  Nitrates

563 (44)

471 (43)

92 (47)

0.289

  CCB

377 (29)

318 (29)

59 (30)

0.742

  Diuretic

588 (46)

481 (44)

107 (55)

0.053

  ARNI

282 (22)

243 (22)

39 (20)

0.487

Intraprocedural variables

 Culprit vessels, n (%)

  Left anterior descending

696 (54)

588 (54)

108 (56)

0.527

  Left circumflex

474 (37)

401 (37)

73 (37)

0.655

  Right coronary artery

562 (44)

474 (43)

88 (45)

0.708

  Left main

57 (4.4)

49 (4.5)

8 (4.1)

0.907

  Multivessel coronary artery disease

499 (39)

422 (39)

77 (40)

0.605

  Contrast volume (mL)

111.99 ± 11.98

112.03 ± 12.12

111.78 ± 11.32

0.780

 Stent number per patient, n (%)

0.998

  0

83 (6.4)

69 (6.3)

14 (7.2)

 

  1

998 (77)

847 (78)

151 (77)

 

  ≥ 2

207 (16)

177 (16)

30 (15)

 

  SYNTAX scores

24.68 ± 9.15

24.66 ± 9.13

24.81 ± 9.22

0.522

  Gensini scores

66.02 ± 34.53

66.13 ± 34.24

65.43 ± 36.15

0.781

Laboratory findings

 WBC (109/L)

10.23 ± 3.09

10.19 ± 3.08

10.45 ± 3.16

0.278

 Neutrophil count (109/L)

7.82 ± 3.07

7.93 ± 3.10

7.23 ± 2.93

0.007

 Lymphocyte count (109/L)

1.38 (0.95–1.95)

1.40 (1.00–2.00)

1.20 (0.80–1.80)

0.004

 RBC (109/L)

4.58 ± 0.57

4.59 ± 0.56

4.53 ± 0.65

0.210

 Hemoglobin (g/L)

139.98 ± 17.47

140.34 ± 17.09

137.91 ± 19.43

0.103

 Hematocrit (%)

42.40 ± 4.96

42.50 ± 4.84

41.86 ± 5.69

0.139

 RBC distribution width (%)

12.70 (12.30–13.20)

12.70 (12.30–13.20)

12.80 (12.30–13.30)

0.040

 Platelet distribution width (%)

13.74 ± 2.68

13.72 ± 2.69

13.83 ± 2.60

0.589

 Platelet count (109/L)

210.00 (175.00–252.00)

210.00 (175.00–252.00)

207.00 (175.00–251.00)

0.880

 Hs-CRP (mg/L)

2.95 (0.92–9.10)

2.90 (0.90–8.63)

3.20 (1.30–13.70)

0.053

 Antithrombin III (%)

87.00 ± 11.07

87.14 ± 11.04

86.19 ± 11.31

0.273

 Fibrinogen (g/L)

2.74 (2.30–3.43)

2.73 (2.30–3.41)

2.82 (2.27–3.59)

0.447

 D-dimer (ug/mL)

0.41 (0.24–0.81)

0.40 (0.23–0.79)

0.46 (0.30–0.95)

0.019

 FDP (mg/L)

2.30 (1.70–3.40)

2.30 (1.70–3.30)

2.50 (1.80–4.10)

0.060

 BUN (mmol/L)

5.28 (4.30–6.60)

5.10 (4.21–6.27)

6.34 (4.83–7.93)

 < 0.001

 Serum creatinine (μmol/L)

62.00 (53.00–76.00)

62.00 (53.00–75.00)

65.00 (54.00–85.00)

0.064

 Serum uric acid (μmol/L)

307.00 (250.00–372.00)

307.00 (250.00–372.00)

308.00 (244.00–386.00)

0.822

 Cystatin C (mg/L)

0.87 (0.78–1.01)

0.87 (0.77–0.99)

0.90 (0.80–1.16)

 < 0.001

 eGFR [mL/(min·1.73m2)]

114.20 (90.30–135.70)

115.41 (92.99–136.57)

107.62 (77.69–132.48)

0.011

 LDH (U/L)

507.00 (320.00–750.00)

500.00 (315.00–735.00)

567.00 (360.00–946.00)

0.008

 CK (U/L)

318.00 (118.00–1050.00)

305.00 (116.00–1033.00)

452.00 (123.00–1116.00)

0.230

 CKMB (ng/mL)

21.30 (4.00–90.00)

20.40 (3.92–87.93)

33.23 (4.65–103.60)

0.068

 hsTnT (ng/L)

320.00 (45.00–1 400.00)

310.90 (42.80–1359.00)

422.70 (71.20–1723.00)

0.122

 NTproBNP (pg/mL)

352.00 (105.00–1 250.00)

337.20 (100.00–1201.00)

607.80 (141.00–1733.00)

0.002

 HbA1c (%)

6.00 (5.70–6.90)

6.00 (5.70–6.80)

6.10 (5.72–7.32)

0.017

 Prealbumin (g/L)

0.21 ± 0.05

0.21 ± 0.05

0.21 ± 0.06

0.721

 Albumin (g/L)

38.34 ± 4.22

38.39 ± 4.26

38.08 ± 3.87

0.335

 Total bilirubin (μmol/L)

14.98 ± 8.41

15.01 ± 8.51

14.74 ± 7.63

0.677

 Direct bilirubin (μmol/L)

5.94 ± 3.71

5.93 ± 3.81

6.01 ± 3.00

0.773

 FPG (mmol/L)

7.11 ± 2.95

6.90 ± 2.76

8.28 ± 3.75

 < 0.001

 Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.26 (3.69–4.90)

4.25 (3.68–4.88)

4.37 (3.77–5.15)

0.036

 Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.50 ± 0.89

1.47 ± 0.85

1.70 ± 1.16

0.008

 High-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)

1.00 ± 0.24

1.00 ± 0.24

1.01 ± 0.26

0.685

 Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/L)

2.74 ± 0.91

2.73 ± 0.91

2.79 ± 0.92

0.391

 Apolipoprotein A (g/L)

1.10 ± 0.21

1.10 ± 0.21

1.12 ± 0.22

0.206

 Lipoprotein (a) (mg/L)

229.00 (151.00–364.00)

230.00 (151.00–366.00)

226.00 (152.00–310.00)

0.310

 RC (mmol/L)

0.42 (0.25–0.63)

0.40 (0.24–0.60)

0.60 (0.48–0.78)

 < 0.001

  1. Significant values are in [bold].
  2. LVEF, Left ventricular ejection fraction; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; CABG, Coronary artery bypass grafting; WBC, White blood cell; RBC, Red blood cell; Hs-CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FDP, Fibrinogen degradation products; eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate; CK, Creatine kinase; CK-MB, Creatine kinase-muscle/brain; NTproBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN, Blood urea nitrogen; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; IABP, Intra-aortic balloon pump; CCB, Calcium channel blocker; ARNI, Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; RC, Remnant cholesterol; ACEI, Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, Angiotensin receptor inhibitor; FPG, Fasting plasma glucose; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; AMI, Acute myocardial infarction; HbA1c, Glycated hemoglobin A1c.
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