Table 2 Effect of high-dose baclofen ICU use in patients with unhealthy alcohol use on the occurrence of PTSD and quality of life at 5 years after hospitalization.

From: Effect of high-dose baclofen on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms five years after hospitalization among critically ill patients with unhealthy alcohol use

Scales

Baclofene

(N = 46)

Placebo

(N = 48)

p-value

Odds Ratio

Mean difference/ Absolute difference

Posttraumatic syndrome disorder scales

Impact of Events Scale-Revised a (IES-R) ≥ 33

6 (13.0%)

8 (16.7%)

0.62

0.78 [0.25; 2.08]

−3.7 [−18.0; 10.7]

Total IES-R score, mean (+ /- SD)

10.4 ± 12.5

12.2 ± 13.5

0.49

 

−1.8 [−7.2 ;3.5]

PTSD Checklist Scale b (PCL-S) mean (+ /- SD)

25.4 ± 8.6

25.5 ± 7

0.94

 

−0.1 [−3.4; 3.1]

Quality of life scales

SF-36 scalec, mean (+ /- SD)

Physical Function

78.8 + /- 32.2

78.3 + /- 30

0.94

 

0.42 [−12.4; 13.2]

Role limitation—Physical

59.7 + /- 46.9

58.8 + /- 48.5

0.92

 

0.93 [−18.5;20.5]

Bodily pain

80.4 + /- 28.1

81.5 + /- 25.8

0.79

 

−1.5 [−12.5;9.6]

General Health

61.1 + /- 25.9

61.1 + /- 24.8

0.99

 

−0.1 [−10.4;10.3]

Vitality

62.7 + /- 25.6

65.8 + /- 23.3

0.51

 

−3.3 [−13.4; 6.7]

Social Function

76.9 + /- 32.6

80.2 + /- 28.5

0.60

 

−3.3 [−15.9; 9.4]

Role limitation—Emotional

86.9 + /- 32.5

93.7 + /- 22.4

0.24

 

−6.8 [−18.2;4.6]

Mental Health

83.2 + /- 19.9

84.7 ± 17.5

0.63

 

−1.9 [−9.6;5.8]

EQ-5D scaled, mean (+ /- SD)

Mobility

No problems in walking about

36 (78.3%)

31 (64.6%)

0.14

  

Some problems in walking about

10 (21.7%)

17 (35.4%)

   

Confined to bed

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

   

Self-care

No problems with self-care

44 (95.7%)

47 (97.9%)

0.61

  

Some problems washing or dressing

2 (4.3%)

1 (2.1%)

   

Unable to wash or dress

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

   

Usual activities

     

No problems with performing usual activities

39 (84.8%)

40 (83.3%)

0.84

  

Some problems with performing usual activities

7 (15.2%)

8 (16.7%)

   

Unable to perform usual activities

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

   

Pain/ Discomfort

No pain or discomfort

31 (67.4%)

29 (60.4%)

0.48

  

Moderate pain or discomfort

15 (32.6%)

19 (39.6%)

   

Extreme pain or discomfort

0 (0%)

0 (0%)

   

Anxiety / Depression

Not anxious or depressed

36 (78.3%)

42 (87.5%)

0.42

  

Moderately anxious or depressed

7 (15.2%)

5 (10.4%)

   

Extremely anxious or depressed

3 (6.5%)

1 (2.1%)

   

EQ5D Utility index, mean (+ /- SD)

0.86 + /- 0.20

0.85 + /- 0.16

0.88

 

0.00 [−0.068;0.078]

Hospital anxiety and depression scalee, mean (+ /- SD)

Anxiety / 21 pts

2.8 ± 2.9

2.7 ± 2.5

0.86

 

0.10 [−1.0; 1.2]

Anxiety ≥ 8

3 (6.5%)

4 (8.3%)

0.99

  

Depression / 21 pts

1.9 ± 2.7

1.6 ± 1.9

0.55

 

0.29 [−0.7; 1.3]

Depression ≥ 8

2 (4.3%)

0 (0%)

0.24

  
  1. SD : standard deviation.
  2. aImpact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) scale investigates two important dimensions for the diagnosis of PTSD: intrusive memory and persistent avoidance. The questionnaire consisted of 22 items, with responses scored on a scale from 0 to 4 (0 = not at all, 1 = a little, 2 = moderately, 3 = quite a bit, 4 = extremely). The diagnosis of PTSD was defined by a score greater than or equal to 33. Scale score range 0–88.
  3. bPTSD Checklist Scale (PCL-S) is composed of 17 items corresponding to the main symptoms of PTSD. Higher score = 85-point scale = severe PTSD. Scale score range 0–85.
  4. cShort Form 36 (SF-36) scale includes the following components: physical function, role limitation due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social function, role limitation due to emotional problems, and mental health. Scale score range 0–100.
  5. dEuropean Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D) investigates mobility, autonomy, daily activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression). For each dimension, the maximum value is 3 (worst outcome) and the minimum is 1 (best outcome).
  6. eHospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS) scale is a 14-item scale, with seven items relating to anxiety and seven relating to depression. Each item on the questionnaire is scored from 0–3 and Scale score range 0–21 for either anxiety or depression.
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