Table 5 Fault types and how they are injected in the simulator.

From: Comparative evaluation and simulation of blockchain consensus mechanisms for secure and scalable peer to peer energy trading in microgrids

Fault type

Simulation mechanism

Crash fault

Randomly “kill” a validator process in the middle of a consensus round, forcing the cluster to proceed with one fewer replica

Equivocation

Instruct a validator to sign two conflicting messages (e.g., two prepare votes for different blocks) and broadcast both to different peer subsets

Passive (sleep) failure

Make a validator stop transmitting or voting for a configurable time window, then rejoin with its original state

Partition fault

Delay or drop all messages crossing a chosen network cut—emulating BGP hijacks or long-haul fibre outages—to create two disjoint sub-quorums

Back to article page