Table 9 Comparative summary of consensus protocols for P2P microgrid applications.
Protocol | TPS | Node count | Power consumption (kWh/1000 tx) | Fault tolerance | Scalability | Average energy demand (kWh/day) | Recommended microgrid type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PoW | 5–7 | 1000–10,000+ | \(\approx\)800 | 0 | Poor | 50,000–500,000 | Government or Audit-critical grid |
PoS | 85–120 | 200–1,000 | \(\approx\)3 | 0 | Moderate | 2,000–10,000 | Large smart meter mesh |
DPoS | 3000–3500 | 1,000–5,000 | \(\approx\)2 | 0 | Excellent | 10,000–50,000 | Federated regional co-ops |
PBFT | 10–700 | 10–50 | 15–200 | \(\left\lfloor \frac{n-1}{3} \right\rfloor\) | Poor beyond 500 nodes | 500–2,000 | Gated community |
Raft | 1200–2000 | 50–200 | \(\approx\)2 | \(\left\lfloor \frac{n-1}{2} \right\rfloor\) | Excellent | 1,000–5,000 | Medium DER cluster |
Tendermint | 200–800 | 50–200 | 8–70 | \(\left\lfloor \frac{n-1}{3} \right\rfloor\) | Good up to \(\approx\)5000 nodes | 1,000–5,000 | Medium DER cluster |
PoET | 750–900 | 5–1008 | \(\approx\)3 | \(\approx\)40% | Good | 100–1000 | Low-power rural/village IoT microgrids |
