Table 2 The frequency fluctuations in isolated HPS.

From: Multi-stage sliding mode control design with optimal state estimator for load frequency regulation in hybrid-source power systems

Methods

Overshoot (p.u)

Undershoot (p.u)

Settling time (s)

ITAE

Proposed scheme

0.018

− 0.01619

3.2

0.02111

PI-SMC27,28

0.02669

− 0.02367

4.2

0.03961

DPI-SMC29

0.02698

− 0.02413

4.2

0.04049

PD-SMC30,31

0.0336

− 0.03121

4.1

0.04115

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