Table 1 Test scheme for sand-gravel replacement.

From: Study on hydrothermal coupling and frost heave characteristics of trapezoidal concrete-lined canals with gradient sand-gravel replacement in cold regions

Canal orientation

Test section

Replacement location of canal

Replacement thickness (cm)

East–west direction

Shady slope

40 cm (top) to 100 cm (bottom)

Sunny slope

30 cm (top) to 70 cm (bottom)

Bottom

70 cm

Shady slope

20 cm (top) to 50 cm (bottom)

Sunny slope

15 cm (top) to 35 cm (bottom)

Bottom

35 cm

North–south direction

Slop

30 cm (top) to 70 cm (bottom)

Bottom

70 cm

Slope

15 cm (top) to 35 cm (bottom)

Bottom

35 cm