Table 4 Thermal physical parameters of sand-gravel.

From: Study on hydrothermal coupling and frost heave characteristics of trapezoidal concrete-lined canals with gradient sand-gravel replacement in cold regions

Material

Density/kg/m3

Thermal Conductivity/W/(m·K)

Coefficient of Linear Expansion

Unfrozen

Frozen

Sand-gravel

1400

0.42

0.49

5.6 × 10− 6