Table 5 Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression models of the association between neurodevelopmental disorders and poor academic performance on physical education.

Neurodevelopmental disorders

 Intellectual disabilities

(Ref. No)

6.91 (3.84–12.4)*

2.53 (1.25–5.14)*

4.11 (2.01–8.44)*

 Communication disorders

(Ref. No)

2.77 (2.16–3.54)*

1.66 (1.25–2.21)*

1.37 (1.03–1.83)*

 Autism spectrum disorders (Ref. No)

5.19 (3.68–7.32)*

4.01 (2.73–5.89)*

3.89 (2.63–5.74)*

 ADHD (Ref. No)

3.75 (3.34–4.21)*

3.02 (2.64–3.45)*

2.67 (2.33–3.06)*

 Specific learning disorder

(Ref. No)

2.99 (2.66–3.36)*

2.13 (1.87–2.43)*

1.86 (1.62–2.12)*

 Motor disorders (Ref. No)

2.22 (1.44–3.44)*

2.39 (1.50–3.81)*

1.72 (1.07–2.76)*

Sociodemographic factors

 Gender (Ref. Girls)

0.99 (0.91–1.08)

0.78 (0.70–0.86)*

 Age

0.98 (0.95-1.00)*

0.94 (0.92–0.97)*

 Socioeconomic status

0.97 (0.97–0.97)*

0.98 (0.98–0.99)*

 Ethnicity (Ref. Spanish)

1.84 (1.64–2.06)*

1.42 (1.26–1.61)*

 Parental divorce/separation

(Ref. No)

1.77 (1.57–1.99)*

1.35 (1.19–1.54)*

School-related variables

 Educational support

(Ref. No)

2.88 (2.51–3.30)*

1.68 (1.44–1.96)*

 Grade retention (Ref. No)

4.99 (3.86–6.45)*

2.12 (1.59–2.81)*