Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants according to the presence of metabolic Syndrome.

From: Longitudinal associations of serum Irisin and adiponectin with incident metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older adults over three years

Variable

Total (n = 348)

No metabolic syndrome

(n = 190)

Metabolic syndrome

(n = 158)

p-valuea

Age (years)

70.0 [66.0–74.0]

70.5 [65.0–74.0]

70.0 [68.0–75.0]

0.268

Sex, n (%)

   

0.178

Male

158 (45.4%)

93 (48.9%)

65 (41.1%)

 

Female

190 (54.6%)

97 (51.1%)

93 (58.9%)

 

Alcohol, n (%)

   

0.748

Non-drinker

247 (71.0%)

133 (70.0%)

114 (72.2%)

 

Drinker

101 (29.0%)

57 (30.0%)

44 (27.8%)

 

Smoking, n (%)

   

0.369

Non-smoker

308 (88.5%)

165 (86.8%)

143 (90.5%)

 

Smoker

40 (11.5%)

25 (13.2%)

15 (9.5%)

 

Regular exercise, n (%)

   

0.812

No

250 (71.8%)

135 (71.1%)

115 (72.8%)

 

Yes

98 (28.2%)

55 (28.9%)

43 (27.2%)

 

Comorbidity, n (%)

   

0.053

0

160 (46.0%)

98 (51.6%)

62 (39.2%)

 

1

130 (37.4%)

66 (34.7%)

64 (40.5%)

 

≥ 2

58 (16.6%)

26 (13.7%)

32 (20.3%)

 

BMI (kg/m²)

24.6 [22.6–26.7]

23.3 [21.6–25.2]

26.1 [24.2–27.7]

< 0.001

WC (cm)

85.3 ± 8.3

81.7 ± 7.2

89.7 ± 7.4

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

142.0 [131.0–154.5]

136.5 [128.0–149.0.0.0]

148.0 [139.0–157.0.0.0]

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

83.0 [77.5–90.0]

81.0 [76.0–90.0]

84.0 [79.0–91.0]

0.027

FG (mg/dL)

97.0 [91.0–107.0]

94.0 [89.0–99.0]

104.5 [96.0–115.0.0.0]

< 0.001

TG (mg/dL)

122.0 [83.0–176.0]

100.5 [71.0–132.0.0.0]

163.5 [115.0–218.0.0.0]

< 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dL)

49.0 [43.0–58.0]

54.0 [46.0–61.0]

46.0 [40.0–53.0]

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

111.8 ± 33.1

112.4 ± 33.2

111.2 ± 33.2

0.74

HOMA-IR

1.90 [1.33–3.24]

1.58 [1.05–2.31]

2.49 [1.64–3.99]

< 0.001

hs-CRP (mg/L)

0.09 [0.05–0.18]

0.08 [0.05–0.17]

0.10 [0.06–0.21]

0.008

Irisin (ng/mL)

44.6 [26.1–73.3]

40.3 [24.0–65.9.0.9]

46.5 [28.6–82.7]

0.021

Adiponectin (µg/mL)

10.3 [6.95–14.3]

11.35 [7.10–16.4]

9.55 [6.60–12.3]

0.001

  1. BMI, Body mass index; WC, Waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FG, fasting glucose; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
  2. Data are presented as mean ± SD for normal distributions, median (25th −75th quartile) for non-normal distributions.
  3. aThe independent t-test was used for normal variables, the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normal variables, and the chi-squared test for categorical variables. All p-values represent comparisons between participants with and without metabolic syndrome.
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