Table 4 Optimized formulation parameters and mechanistic rationale.

From: Predictive optimization of curcumin nanocomposites using hybrid machine learning and physics informed modeling

Parameter

Optimal range

Mechanistic justification

Particle size (nm)

80–200

↑ Surface area → higher loading and cellular uptake

Zeta potential (mV)

 − 30 to − 50

Stable electrostatic repulsion per DLVO theory

Polymer/lipid ratio

2–4:1

Balanced matrix for drug entrapment and release

Surfactant Conc. (% w/v)

0.2–0.8

Controlled interfacial tension for micellar formation

PEGylation

Present

Steric shielding and longer circulation

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