Table 10 Comparison of performance metrics for the proposed SFOA-based exp-PID and other controllers.

From: Designing a cascaded exponential PID controller via starfish optimizer for DC motor and liquid level systems

Control method

Rise time (s)

Settling time (s)

Overshoot (%)

Steady-state error (%)

SFOA-based exp-PID (proposed)

1.7202

2.4715

1.4976

9.2190E − 05

ALC-PSODE-based PID

12.7618

64.2147

12.4682

0.0543

MGO-based PID

10.9723

60.5703

12.1153

0.0665

AOA-HHO-based PID

17.7026

160.1083

20.1179

0.4044

CMA-ES-based PID

15.0022

238.6706

50.1692

0.2646

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