Table 5 Comparative performance metrics for proposed and other optimization methods.

From: Designing a cascaded exponential PID controller via starfish optimizer for DC motor and liquid level systems

Control method

Rise time (s)

Settling time (s)

Overshoot (%)

Steady-state error (%)

SFOA-based exp-PID

0.0039

0.0083

0

2.5254E − 04

FLA-based exp-PID

0.0048

0.0095

0

3.7705E − 04

GCRA-based exp-PID

0.0051

0.0103

0

0.0091

MSA-based exp-PID

0.0046

0.0091

0.0027

0.0025

DO-based exp-PID

0.0054

0.0108

0.0079

0.0067

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