Table 7 Comparative evaluation for proposed and four different control methods.

From: Designing a cascaded exponential PID controller via starfish optimizer for DC motor and liquid level systems

Control method

Best

Worst

Mean

SD

SFOA-based exp-PID (proposed)

2.8587E − 01

3.0788E − 01

2.9676E − 01

5.8279E − 03

FLA-based exp-PID

3.2623E − 01

3.6745E − 01

3.3750E − 01

9.4093E − 03

GCRA-based exp-PID

3.0417E − 01

3.3200E − 01

3.1462E − 01

6.3445E − 03

MSA-based exp-PID

3.5145E − 01

3.7071E − 01

3.6086E − 01

5.7625E − 03

DO-based exp-PID

3.1710E − 01

3.4541E − 01

3.3008E − 01

7.5143E − 03