Table 9 Comparison of performance metrics for the proposed SFOA-based exp-PID and other controllers.

From: Designing a cascaded exponential PID controller via starfish optimizer for DC motor and liquid level systems

Control method

Rise time (s)

Settling time (s)

Overshoot (%)

Steady-state error (%)

SFOA-based exp-PID (proposed)

1.7202

2.4715

1.4976

9.2190E − 05

FLA-based exp-PID

1.7306

2.5900

1.5975

0.0016

GCRA-based exp-PID

1.7507

2.5498

1.6174

8.2500E − 04

MSA-based exp-PID

2.1206

3.0499

1.5118

0.0012

DO-based exp-PID

1.9293

2.7595

1.8518

2.4954E − 04

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