Table 20 The performance of the proposed scheme in fault and non-fault detection under specific conditions.
Specific conditions | The performance of the proposed scheme for test events under specific conditions | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CDR% (The DNNs have been trained for similar conditions) | CDR% (The DNNs have NOT been trained for similar conditions) | ||||||||||||||
Fault cases | External faults at various distances outside the microgrid (MG) boundary | 99.6 99.6% of the external faults tested were accurately classified. | 92.5 92.5% of the external faults tested were accurately classified. | ||||||||||||
Fault detection in the microgrid, operating in islanded mode (the MG with IBDGs) | MG with PV (PV:1, SG:0, BESS:0) | MG with BESS (PV:0, SG:0, BESS:1) | MG with PV and BESS (PV:1, SG:0, BESS:1) | MG with PV (PV:1, SG:0, BESS:0) | MG with BESS (PV:0, SG:0, BESS:1) | MG with PV and BESS (PV:1, SG:0, BESS:1) | |||||||||
99.21 | 99.02 | 99.41 | 98.63 | 98.43 | 98.82 | ||||||||||
Severe non-fault cases | Capacitor switching | 99.72 | 98.18 | ||||||||||||
Measurement noise (30 Db) | 99.65 | 99.15 | |||||||||||||
DGs connection | PV | SG | BESS | PV and BESS | PV | SG | BESS | PV and BESS | |||||||
100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | ||||||||
Changes in sampling frequency | Accuracy of validation data in the training process of DNNs during data collection with different sampling frequencies | ||||||||||||||
1.2 kHZ | 3.2 kHZ | 5 kHZ | |||||||||||||
95.5 | 99.895 | 99.95 | |||||||||||||
