Table 1 Test cases and their objectives.

From: Hybrid grey Wolf–Cuckoo search optimized linear quadratic regulator for robust quadrotor control

Test No.

Description

Objective

T1

Basic Transient Analysis (X, Y, Z axes)

Assess transient response in terms of settling time, overshoot, and IAE under nominal conditions

T2

Real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop (OPAL-RT)

Demonstrate real-time applicability and practical feasibility of the proposed controller

T3

Disturbance rejection

Evaluate robustness of the controller against external perturbations (e.g., wind gusts)