Fig. 2

Effects of the isolated mitochondria on mesenchymal stromal cell functions. (a) Proliferation of C3H10T1/2 cells treated with the isolated mitochondria was evaluated using the cell counting kit-8 assay. *p < 0.05 (Dunnett’s test vs. 0 mg/L). (b) Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) scavenging activity of the isolated mitochondria was quantified based on fluorescence intensity. *p < 0.05 (Dunnett’s test vs. H₂O₂ only group). (c) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was measured to evaluate the cytoprotective effects of the isolated mitochondria on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-treated Hepa 1-6 cells. *p < 0.05 (Dunnett’s test vs. CCl₄ only group). (d) Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of C3H10T1/2 cells was measured after incubation with the isolated mitochondria. Dotted vertical lines indicate the sequential addition of oligomycin, FCCP, and rotenone/antimycin A. (e) Non-mitochondrial respiration rate, basal respiration rate, maximal respiration rate, ATP production rate, and spare capacity were measured using OCR data. **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 (Dunnett’s test vs. 0 mg/L). ns, not significant. All data are represented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD); n = 3 for (a–c) and n = 6 for (d, e).