Fig. 4

Bar graphs showing the distance of frontal lobe retraction required to expose the tumor apex for each tumor diameter in the supraorbital approach (a) and the supraorbital approach with orbitotomy (b) In the supraorbital approach, the retraction distance increased proportionally with tumor size up to a diameter of 40 mm (a). Conversely, in the supraorbital approach with orbitotomy, the retraction distance increased proportionally with tumor diameter up to 30 mm. However, it did not increase further for larger tumors. Notably, the 50 mm tumors had lesser retraction distance compared with that for 30 mm and 40 mm tumors (b).

Asterisk: p < 0.01.