Fig. 6

A schematic diagram illustrating how the intraoperative visual axis changes depending on tumor size and whether orbitotomy is performed. For small tumors, the visual axis is directed from above, looking downward, requiring exposure of the area near the midline as the tumor apex during surgery. In this case, the effects of orbitotomy are minimal. In contrast, for large tumors, the visual axis is directed from below, looking upward, so the area outside the midline becomes the tumor tip that should be exposed, making the effects of orbitotomy more pronounced. Asterisk: tumor apex on the midline; black arrow: visual axis toward the tumor apex in the supraorbital approach; red arrow: visual axis toward the tumor apex in the supraorbital approach with orbitotomy; black dotted line: retraction distance of the frontal lobe in the supraorbital approach; red dotted line: retraction distance of the frontal lobe in the supraorbital approach with orbitotomy.