Table 9 Initialization parameters of all algorithms.

From: An improved grey wolf optimizer with multi-stage differentiation strategies coverage in three-dimensional wireless sensor network

Comparison algorithm

Parameter settings

GWO35

N = 30

SSA36

N = 30, \(c_{2}\) and \(c_{3}\) are random values \(\in \left[ {0,1} \right]\)

WOA37

N = 30

GOA38

N = 30,\(C_{\max } = 1\),\(C_{\min } = 0.00004\)

OGWO39

N = 30,\(\mu\) = 2,\(J_{r}\) = 0.05

DGWO140

N = 30

DGWO240

N = 30

IGWO-MSDS

N = 30,\(p_{0}\) = 0.05, \(\gamma\) = 0.6, \(\eta\) = 0.3, \(\rho\) = 0.25, \(\beta\) = 1.7