Fig. 2
From: Novel mapping approach for coastal boulders using deep learning

Workflow for calculating the shape and volume of boulders from the orthoimage and DSM. The a- and b-axis lengths were directly calculated from the detected contour. The height (c-axis) was estimated from the surface heights of boulders relative to the approximated basement surface, with the DSM-based volume (Vdsm) calculated via integration of these heights.