Fig. 1

Patient flow diagram. Flow diagram showing the selection of study patients from the Japan Trauma Data Bank. Of the 338,744 patients registered between 2004 and 2019, 463 met the inclusion criteria after applying the exclusion criteria. Missing data were handled using multiple imputation (20 datasets). Propensity score matching was performed within each imputed dataset, resulting in 135 patients who underwent transcatheter arterial embolization being matched with 135 patients who underwent open surgery across all imputed datasets. AIS Abbreviated Injury Scale, JTDB Japan Trauma Data Bank, TAE, transcatheter arterial embolization, SBP systolic blood pressure, HR, heart rate.