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Figure 1

From: Strengthening tropical cyclones are associated with more frequent hazardous material pipeline failures in the Eastern US

Figure 1

(a) Six spatial sub-regions where HMP infrastructure (major crude oil and natural gas transmission pipelines,46) intersect with tropical cyclone storm tracks (TCs) in the continental United States (47 OpenStreetMap © 2024). (b) Time series of \(f_s\) (points) and \(f_o\) (lines) by spatial region. The height of points above the grey polygon represents storm-related HMP failures, or \(f_s'\). (c) For each spatial sub-region, the table indicates total 1970–2022 \(f_s'\), maximum TC windspeed, length of crude oil pipeline, and length of natural gas pipeline. Here “MS Delta” refers to “Mississippi Delta”.

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