Table 3 Summary of between-condition linear mixed model effects for momentary outcomes.

From: A semi-randomised control trial assessing psychophysiological effects of breathwork and cold immersion

Comparison

Energy level change

Mental clarity change

State stress change

State anxiety change

Ability to handle stress change

 

Estimate (SE)

[95% Confidence Interval]

Intercept

(MC)

0.51 (0.11)

[0.29, 72]***

0.78 (0.11)

[0.57, 1.0]***

-0.62 (0.08)

[-0.77, -0.47]***

-0.50 (0.07)

[-0.64, -0.36]***

0.54 (0.10)

[0.34, 0.73]***

WHM

(vs MC)

1.44 (0.15)

[1.15, 1.74]***

0.10 (0.15)

[0.70, 1.3]***

0.37 (0.11)

[0.16, 0.58]***

0.07 (0.10)

[-0.12, 0.26]

0.73 (0.14)

[0.46, 1.0]***

WHM-remote

(vs MC)

1.37 (0.15)

[1.07, 1.67]***

0.97 (0.16)

[0.67, 1.28]***

0.09 (0.11)

[-0.13, 0.30]

-0.21 (0.10)

[-0.41, -0.02]*

0.58 (0.14)

[0.31, 0.86]***

WHM-remote

(vs WHM)*

-0.1 (0.15)

[-0.37, 0.22]

-0.03 (0.15)

[-0.32, 0.27]

-0.28 (0.11)

[-0.49, -0.07]**

-0.28 (0.10)

[-0.47, -0.10]**

-0.15 (0.14)

[-0.42, 0.12]

Days on Protocol

-0.01 (0.003)

[-0.01, -0.001]*

-0.02 (0.003)

[-0.02, -0.01]***

0.01 (0.003)

[0.003, 0.016]**

0.01 (0.003)

[0.001, 0.014]*

-0.003 (0.004)

[-0.010, 0.004]

WHM* Days on Protocol

0.02 (0.004)

[0.01, 0.03]***

0.03 (0.005)

[0.02, 0.04]***

-0.01 (0.005)

[-0.02, -0.0002]*

-0.003 (0.005)

[-0.01, 0.001]

0.02 (0.01)

[0.01, 0.03]***

WHM-remote* Days on Protocol

0.003 (0.004)

[-0.01, 0.01]

0.01 (0.004)

[0.003, 0.02]**

-0.01 (0.005)

[-0.020, -0.001]*

0.001 (0.005)

[-0.01, 0.01]

0.02 (0.01)

[0.01, 0.03]**

  1. Note. Estimates are unstandardised; SE =  standard error, WHM =  Wim Hof Method in-person, WHM-remote =  Wim Hof Method remote, MC =  Meditation control. Mean change score = (post-mean – pre-mean). WHM-remote vs WHM* results were obtained from a follow-up LMM with WHM as the reference level (i.e., intercept).
  2. ​​*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001.
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