Table 4 Summary of between-condition linear mixed model effects for executive function outcomes.

From: A semi-randomised control trial assessing psychophysiological effects of breathwork and cold immersion

Comparison

Stroop Effect (RT)

Stroop Effect (Accuracy)

Incongruent Reaction Time

Congruent Reaction Time

Incongruent Accuracy

Congruent Accuracy

2-back

3-back

 

Estimate (SE)

[95% Confidence Interval]

Intercept (MC)

102.92 (7.10) [89.00, 116.83]***

0.01 (0.003)

[0.01, 0.02]***

1243.07 (20.98) [1201.94, 1284.20]***

1139.02 (18.46) [1102.84, 1175.20]***

0.99 (0.002)

[0.98, 0.99]***

1.0 (0.001)

[1.0, 1.0]***

0.96 (0.004)

[0.95, 0.97]***

0.93 (0.005)

[0.91, 0.94)***

WHM

(vs MC)

-8.65 (9.73) [-27.71, 10.41]

0.01 (0.003) [-0.001, 0.011]

-81.06 (28.84) [-137.59, -24.53]**

-72.78 (25.37) [-122.50, -23.05]**

-0.01 (0.003) [-0.014, -0.001]*

-0.002 (0.001) [-0.01, 0.001]

-0.01 (0.01) [-0.017, 0.003]

-0.002 (0.01) [.-0.02, 0.01]

WHM-remote

(vs MC)

-5.64 (10.05) [-25.34, 14.05]

0.001 (0.004) [-0.01, 0.01]

-37.97 (29.78) [-96.34, 20.40]

-33.20 (26.20) [-84.55, 18.14]

-0.003 (0.003) [-0.009, 0.003]

-0.011 (0.002) [-0.004, 0.002]

-0.01 (0.01) [-0.016, 0.004]

-0.01 (0.01)

[-0.02, 0.01]

WHM-remote

(vs WHM)

3.01 (9.73) [-16.07, 22.08]

-0.004 (0.003) [-0.010, 0.002]

43.09 (28.95) [-13.65, 99.82]

39.57 (25.46) [-10.34, 89.48]

0.005 (0.003) [-0.002, 0.011]

0.001 (0.001) [-0.002, 0.004]

0.001 (0.01)

[-0.01, 0.01]

-0.01 (0.01)

[-0.02, 0.01]

Days on Protocol

-1.80 (0.35) [-2.49, -1.11]***

-0.0001 (0.0002) [-0.0005, 0.0002]

-4.19 (0.42) [-5.01, -3.38]***

-2.17 (0.36) [-2.89, -1.46]***

0.0001 (0.0001) [-0.0002, 0.0004]

-0.00001 (0.0001) [-0.0002, 0.0001]

0.0004 (0.0001) [0.0002, 0.0008]**

0.001 (0.0002) [0.0004, 0.0013]***

WHM* Days on Protocol

-0.24 (0.50) [-1.21, 0.74]

-0.0001 (0.0002) [-0.001, 0.0003]

0.18 (0.59)

[-0.98, 1.33]

0.18 (0.52)

[-0.83, 1.19]

0.0002 (0.0002) [-0.0003, 0.0006]

0.0001 (0.0001) [-0.0002, 0.0002]

0.0003 (0.0002) [-0.0001, 0.0007]

0.0001 (0.0003) [-0.0005, 0.0007]

WHM-

remote* Days on Protocol

0.62 (0.48)

[-0.32, 1.57]

-0.00003 (0.0002) [-0.0004, 0.0004]

0.55 (0.57)

[-0.57, 1.67]

-0.37 (0.50) [-0.135, 0.62]

0.0001 (0.0002) [-0.0003, 0.0005]

0.0001 (0.0001) [-0.0001, 0.0003]

-0.00003 (0.0002) [-0.0004, 0.0004]

-0.0001 (0.0003) [-0.0007, 0.0004]

  1. Estimates are unstandardised; RT = Reaction Time; SE = standard error; WHM = Wim Hof Method in-person; WHM-remote = Wim Hof Method remote; MC = Meditation control. WHM-remote vs WHM* results were obtained from a follow-up LMM with WHM as the reference level (i.e., intercept).
  2. ​​*p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001
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