Fig. 1

Flow chart of the enrolled participants. A total of 3244 participants from the CODING study 2003–2017 were included initially. After excluding those with incomplete or missing data on VAT, FFQ, and relevant covariates, a total of 2932 participants were included in the final analyses. VAT, visceral adipose tissue; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; WC, waist circumference; HC, hip circumference; Se, selenium.